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Author summary CD8+ T-cell responses exert considerable control over replication of HIV and select for viral escape mutations. Recent studies have suggested that these major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I)-associated mutations accumulate in populations...

Immunotherapy is a new approach that exploits body’s inner capability to put up a fight against cancer. Under the approach, either immune system is given a boost or the T cells are “trained’’ to...

Makers of generic AIDS drugs will start churning out millions of pills for Africa containing a state-of-the-art medicine widely used in rich countries, after securing a multi-million dollar guarantee that caps prices at just...

Recently, avian influenza virus has caused repeated worldwide outbreaks in humans. Live Poultry Markets (LPMs) play an important role in the circulation and reassortment of novel Avian Influenza Virus (AIVs). Aerosol transmission is one...

On 18, 25 August and 4 September 2017, the National Health and Family Planning Commission of China (NHFPC) notified WHO of four additional laboratory-confirmed cases of human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in...

Author summary Autophagy is a catabolic process that is important for maintaining cellular homeostasis. During autophagy, crescent membrane structures known as phagophores first appear in the cytoplasm, which then expand to form enclosed double-membrane...

Comparing sets of sequences is a situation frequently encountered in bioinformatics, examples being comparing an assembly to a reference genome, or two genomes to each other. The purpose of the comparison is usually to...

Rift Valley fever is a mosquito-borne zoonotic disease that affects both ruminants and humans. The nonstructural (NS) protein, which is a major virulence factor for Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), is encoded on the...

Goatpox virus (GTPV) and sheeppox virus (SPPV), which belong to the Capripoxvirus (CaPV), are economically important pathogens of small ruminants. Therefore, a sensitive, specific and rapid diagnostic assay for detection of GTPV and SPPV...

Potato virus Y (PVY) is one of the most economically important pathogen of potato that is present as biologically distinct strains. The virus-derived small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs) from potato cv. Russet Burbank individually infected...